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Parlement
A parlement () was a provincial appellate court in ''Ancien Régime'' France. In 1789 there were 13 parlements, the most important of which was by far the Parlement of Paris. They were not legislative bodies, but rather provincial high courts which heard appeals from the lower courts of record. Each was composed of a dozen or more appellate judges, or about 1,100 nationwide. They were the court of final appeal of the judicial system, and typically wielded much power over a wide range of subject matter, especially taxation. Laws and edicts issued by the Crown were not official in their respective jurisdictions until the parlements gave their assent by publishing them. The members were aristocrats called nobles of the gown who had bought or inherited their office, and were independent of the King.
In 1770-4 the Chancellor, Maupeou, tried to abolish the Parlement of Paris in order to strengthen the Crown; however, when King Louis XV died in 1774, it was reinstated. The parlements spearheaded the aristocracy's resistance to the Crown's absolutism and centralization, but they worked primarily for the benefit of their own class, the French nobility. Alfred Cobban argues that the parlements were the chief obstacle to any reform before the Revolution, as well as the most intense enemies of the crown. He concludes, "The Parlement of Paris, though no more in fact than a small, selfish, proud and venal oligarchy, regarded itself, and was regarded by public opinion, as the guardian of the constitutional liberties of France."〔Alfred Cobban, ''A History of France'' (1957) vol 1 p 63; see also Cobban, "The Parlements of France in the eighteenth century." ''History'' (1950) 35#123 pp 64-80.〕 In November 1789, at an early stage of the French Revolution, all the parlements were suspended, and they were formally abolished in September 1790.〔Paul R. Hanson, ''The A to Z of the French Revolution'' (2007) p 250-51〕
==History==
The political institutions of the Parlement in ''Ancien Régime'' France developed out of the King's Council (Fr. ''Conseil du roi'', Lat. ''curia regis''), and consequently enjoyed ancient, customary consultative and deliberative prerogatives.〔G. W. Prothero, "The Parliament () of Paris", ''The English Historical Review'', 13, No. 50 (April 1898), pp. 229-241.〕 In the 13th century, the parlements acquired judicial functions, then the against the king. The parlement judges were of the opinion that their role included active participation in the legislative process, which brought them into increasing conflict with the ever increasing monarchical absolutism of the ''Ancien Régime'', as the ''lit de justice'' evolved during the 16th century from a constitutional forum to a royal weapon, used to force registration of edicts.〔Mack P. Holt, "The King in Parliament: The Problem of the ''Lit de Justice'' in Sixteenth-Century France" ''The Historical Journal'' (September 1988( 32#3 pp:507-523.〕
Originally, since c. 1250, there was only the Parlement of Paris, severed from the King's Council in 1307, with sessions held inside the medieval royal palace on the Île de la Cité, still the site of the Paris Hall of Justice. The Paris parlement's jurisdiction covered the entire kingdom as it was in the 14th century, but did not automatically advance in step with the Crown's ever expanding realm. In 1443, following the turmoil of the Hundred Years' War, King Charles VII of France granted Languedoc its own parlement by establishing the Parlement of Toulouse, the first parlement outside Paris; its jurisdiction extended over most of southern France.
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